Every effort to avoid an artificial airway opening in the neck (tracheotomy) should be made where possible, so that the child can breathe, speak and socialise normally.
Rib grafts, wire and silicone stents, and resection-anastomosis surgery are also available. Adults can be similarly helped.
A multi-disciplinary team (ENT, Respiratory, Surgery sub-specialties, Gastroenterology, Genetics, Speech and Swallow) should coordinate evaluation to reduce investigation time and optimise treatment.